Alcohol Consumption Among College Students - 1225 Words

Abstract Alcohol consumption is an important social concern for many people. This study opted to analyze how gender affects the level of alcohol consumption among college students. After conducting a survey with 30 participants, the results proved that H1 hypothesis â€Å"Gender significantly affects the level of alcohol consumption† was validated with a p-value of 0.026. Additionally, H2 hypothesis â€Å"Men significantly consume more alcohol than women do† was also validated with a mean of 2.4 in terms of consumption. H3 hypothesis â€Å"Women significantly consume more alcohol than men do† was nullified because of the average mean being only 1.27. The p-value of significance provided insight on the level of alcohol consumption, further solidifying the claim. It can be therefore concluded that gender played an important role as a determiner of the impact on level of alcohol consumption and men tend to consume more alcohol. The data are backed up by recent studies and si milar assumptions and conclusions. Introduction Alcohol consumption among college students is steadily increasing due to the nature of the environment inducing such behavior to alleviate stress, as a form of recreation, or a means of establishing a lifestyle. According to Randolph et al. (2009), the frequency of alcohol consumption is bound to increase in the decade because of observed behavior and peer pressure. Additionally, according to Ceylan-Isik, McBride, and Ren (2010), alcohol consumption resulting inShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Use, Abuse, And Related Accidents Among College Adults1412 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: Alcohol uses among college students-What are the trends in alcohol use, abuse, and related accidents among college aged women versus men? 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The methods the author used included the two hundred and ninety-six Hispanic college students who took placeRead MoreAlcohol Consumption Among Athletes and Non-Athletes Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol Consumption Among Athletes and Non-Athletes On college campuses, the consumption of alcohol amongst undergraduate college students continues to be a maladaptive college health behavior. The recreational use of alcohol effects the student population and the health of the students who excessively drink alcohol. The issue caused many research studies to focus on the effect of alcohol consumption based on being an athlete and non-athlete. This study is important because it provides college campusesRead MoreEffects Of On Campus Housing On College Students Drinking Behavior1565 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of on-campus housing on college students’ drinking behavior: A Literature Review Educational scholars have widely researched the effects of on-campus housing on the behavior of college students and one of the behavioral effects is on drinking behavior. Researchers from both the United States and New Zealand have found that students living in residential halls on campus demonstrate the greatest rates for drinking and peer pressure for drinking (Rickwood, et al., 2011.). Leontini, et al.Read MoreUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and others may have an alcohol problem. Underage alcohol consumption is serious among students in high school and college; it can cause health issues, and legal problems. Alcohol can be very addictive and excessive consumption could be detrimental to a person in numerous ways. Alcohol abuseRead MoreInvestigating The Relationship Between Self Image Goals Among College Students And Coping Motive1512 Words   |  7 Pagesmotive. College students with social anxiety symptoms are most likely to have negative alcohol-related consequences (Cludius et al., 2013: Villarosa, Madson, Zeigler-Hill, Noble, Mohn, 2014). Students drink more irresponsibly when they come across three of those motives due to having social anxiety symptoms. Enhancement, Coping and Conformity motives have stronger correlations with in drinking for those who have social anxiety. The strength of the drinking motives and higher alcohol consumption wouldRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Awareness Programs On College Students1594 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Alcohol Awareness Programs on College Students Valerie Love Grand Canyon University: PSY-550 October 2, 2015 Abstract In this paper, the effects of alcohol awareness programs on college students will be discussed. The discussion and study will be based on the before and after effects of alcohol awareness programs on college students. The study presents a CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy), or an Alcohol 101 Psych-Education CD-ROM to a randomly assigned group of 113 college students with priorRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 PagesCan a person be too young to become addicted to alcohol and drugs? Or why is age of first use of alcohol is critically important? There are many questions raised on consumption of alcohol when it comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effectsRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Leg al Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year thousands of young adults attend college with the hope of expanding their career opportunities, but are these young adults doing more than studying and homework? A new study suggests that binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not

Strategic Management Project Coffee Corner Plc Free Essays

Introduction: Strategic Management is related to the planning of business and its decision making on improvement of overall performance of the organization. It deals with the improvement and restructuring its business process of organizations operating structure. ‘The systematic analysis of the factors associated with customers and competitors (the external environment) and the organization itself (the internal environment) to provide the basis for maintaining optimum management practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management Project: Coffee Corner Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective of strategic management is to achieve better alignment of corporate policies and strategic priorities’.(business Directory, 2011) This research project seeks to investigate the Strategic performance management of Coffee Corner Plc. Specially on its operations of its store. Coffee Corner plc has been introduced to some remote places in United Kingdom by a couple in the year 2005. It has currently 3 operating branches around Scotland. The aimed customers are the people living around the surrounding area to come and socialise. As these places have many houses but not much community gathering place. It is a vastly growing cafe, but due to some strategic operations problem it is lacking its smoothness of running and effecting profitability. To ensure a good practice and resolve the un-dealt problems, the company needs to look into some ignored fields of it’s operations strategy and also needs to come up with some sorts of innovations to overcome the situation. The situations that has occurred on these branches, which is making the owners change their mind to expand the business any further and might result to shut down some of the stores if its not resolved consequently. Objectives: To identify core strategies such as; supply chain management, process layout of the stores operations management by using the process analysis models. To recommend the solutions for the above mentioned problems. To ensure maximum profitability and customer satisfaction by providing best available service. To see the overall service assortment and to recommend accordingly the solutions. And also to do the cost analysis to see how cost can be reduced for more profitability. The Current Operations Strategy of Coffee Corner: The current operations strategy has been developed during its early years, when they had only 1 shop to deal with, but over the ears the business has expanded, but the operations strategy and the suppliers has remained the same. The Operations strategy is shown below on a tabular format: Figure: Coffee Corner plc Operations System to be reviewed At the moment Coffee Corner plc is dealing with inventory management by ordering the stock from 3 different suppliers: 1. Sandwiches, panini’s and cakes 2. Milk and beverages Cleaning products and snacks and takeaway cups and lids. The orders need to be made to these 3 different suppliers in two different ways, by telephone and by internet. The customer service is provided by all the workers to the customers by making the coffee and heating up or toasting the sandwiches and panini’s and moreover to clean the tables as soon as a customer left the table and also to clean everything end of the day. The manager is responsible for the end of the day cash up and also the inventory. In some of the branches, the capacity is becoming an issue as Coffee Corner has monopoly market on the places it opened its branch in; the locals are spending most of their time of the day in there doing socialising. Projects Operations Strategy Analysis (Explanatory Research): Cause- and- Effect Diagram: This is an important aspect of a process analysis that relates the key performance problem to its potential causes. In Coffee Corner Plc there is a lot of time complains about delaying their service and mainly the service is not smooth. The reason for such a problem has bin identified by using the ‘fish-bone diagram’ the factors that lead to the identified problem. The step which needs to be followed to get a perfect cause-and-effect diagram, are: 1.Identify the problem: In this situation, the identified main problem is that the service is not running smooth as it should be for any service based business. 2. Work out the major problem involved: The major problem is that the whole process layout is in a chaotic situation, that leads the staff to reduce their efficiency and also the problem to provide their full attention when the customers order. 3. Identify possible causes; The possible causes are the complex layout of the service unit which is not aligned properly with the needed materials; also the problem lays training by the manager and the supervisor which provides inefficient training of the person to be around the till. The other problem is that the built in Speakers are near the till where the staff needs to hear what the customer wants clearly, but they can hear more music, instead of the customers, resulting to present wrong product. Such as instead of Bar of chocolate they sometimes provide hot chocolate, that causes wastage as well. So it is causing problem for their attention. And if the music is put down, the customers all the time asks the staff to put the volume up as they love the buzz in the quiet place where they are from for a change. The coffee machine sometimes breaks down because of the over pressure, so the owner was not sure about the capacity or demand of amount of coffee or hot beverages that leads the machine to break down ve ry often. Also the space in the cafe is not enough, for the stock they need which causes chaos during delivery of the product, which is during the busy hour of business. 4. Analyse your diagram: The diagram is below and it has on the fish bone head its main problem which is ‘No smooth running Service’. The fish bones are separated in few major elements such as the machine, staff, process and the inventory and also the weather sometimes causes problem for the process to be slow. As the out side sitting arrangement is done with some chairs with cushions, so whenever it rains, the cushions needs to be brought in no matter how busy the staff are, this also created delay to the service. Figure: Cause-and Effect Diagram (fish-bone Diagram) Supply Chain management: Supply chain management is the management of relationships and flows between operations and processes. Technically, it is different from supply network management, which looks at all the operations or processes in a network. Supply chain management refers to a string of operations or processes. However, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Many of the principles of managing external supply chains (flow between operations) are also applicable to internal supply chains (flow between processes). (Slack et al, 2006). The supply chain management produces internal relationship between the process as well as the external relationships of the operations. It is concerned with the flow of the information as well as the flow of the products and the services, the some work it relates to is shown below as a list: †¢ Long-term plans and requirements †¢ Market research information †¢ Individual orders †¢ Payments types †¢ Potential new products and services †¢ Overall products and services †¢ New products and services †¢ Delivery information †¢ Payment request/Credit (Slack et al, 2006) Supply Chain Management for Coffee Corner Plc: The supply chain management of Coffee Corner Plc is done according to the planning of the owners from the year they started. The supply comes from 3 different suppliers. First, they have to place the order as they forecast the requirements. It is done by seven days of the week. The supple is done 6 days a week, apart from Monday. The orders are made by the store managers every 6 days a week in the morning and to do the order has to be done to 3 different suppliers. Only one supplier takes the orders by the internet and the rest of the three suppliers take the orders by the phone. Then the orders are delivered to the each of the stores an hour before the closing times and they are counted and sorted by the manager or in his absence by the supervisor of the store. Delivery charges are separate as the suppliers are separate, so 3 different delivery charges are needed to be paid from petty cash. The orders which are made by phone, needs to be done by using the unique codes of each of the products and also the quantity. The internet order is reasonably easier to make. The stock room is on the top floor of the store and then the milk, cake, take away cups and the cleaning products are first taken up to the stock room for the stock count and then it is brought down to the store after the delivery check. The stock check is done on every Monday evening and the total stock is counted apart from the same day delivered stocks. Then a note is made and it is filed for the record, also the missing amount of stock is recorded for further investigation on it. The store also pays a huge amount of insurance for all the three different suppliers that bring in the products. It was done for the safety of the product to be supplied as if there is any accident or emergency of the product not arriving; the supplier has to deliver it on any other means. It was done to make the business unharmed in case of an accident and emergency issues. Process Design: Process design is concerned with conceiving the overall shape of processes and their detailed workings. The first of these tasks (conceiving the overall shape or nature of the process) can be approached by positioning the process in terms of its volume and variety characteristics. The second task (conceiving the detailed workings of the process) is more concerned with the detailed analysis of the objectives, capacity and variability of the process. (Slack et al, 2006) There are different ways in which the different resources within a process (people and technology) can be arranged relative to each other. But however this is done, it should reflect the process’s volume–variety position. Again, there are pure ‘types’ of layout that correspond with the different volume–variety positions. These are fixed position layout, functional layout, cell layout and product layout. Many layouts are hybrids of these pure types, but the type chosen is influenced by the volume and variety characteristics of the process. (Slack et al, 2006) Process layout for Coffee Corner PLC: The layout of the workstation of Coffee Corner is not sequenced with the job design. Figure: Coffee Corner current workstation service layout The layout of the whole workstation is very much chaotic. The coffee machine and the coffee and milk in the fridge are far apart from the coffee machine. The Ice machine for the cold drinks is not by the cold drink blender. The till is by the coffee machine, and it helps the person who makes coffee to know straight away what coffee the customer wants straight away. But the Coffee and milk is not located near the coffee machine, so it is a bit time consuming for a busy coffee shop like Coffee Corner deals with such a non practical lay out of the work station. Especially when there is 3 people during the busy time to work and 2 person is responsible to open and close together for the security. The owners planned the lay out by them selves as they have some previous experience of building before coming to this Coffee shop business. The Identified Problems of the Organization: The problems have been identified in the cafe are mainly 2 different ones: The supply chain Management system The Service layout The Supply Chain Management Problem: The supply chain is a big problem in this service. Suppliers: Specially the three different suppliers and for this is the delivery charges are 3 times more and also the 3 different insurances. The suppliers are more laid back and demanding for their service they provide. The quantity of the products is for all the 5 branches and all these suppliers’ needs to supply them on basis of the first order first delivery provided. Delivery Charge: Delivery charges are different for each of the suppliers and the money going out is three times from the each shop for the deliveries. Though the delivery charges are fixed as the amount ordered are as not big for each of the branches, but very costly. Insurance: Insurance needs to be paid to all the 3 different suppliers and the rate of insurance are very high. Ordering Process: Ordering process are different for each of the suppliers. Two of the suppliers still prefer Telephone orders and by the product code and quantity not the product name, this tends to be a real waste of time. Stock Taking: The stock is taken in to the upstairs on the arrival and then counted there before bringing them down to the store. So it also takes time. Stock Counting: Stock counting is done by a very old fashioned way even it is very time consuming for the Managers and the business as it takes time to do them manually. 2. The service Layout Problem: The service lay out is causing a big chaos for the workers and it is causing a huge disruption from a smooth process to carry out the service. The whole machinery and service facilities are layered on a very chaotic order that reflects the unprofessional system to the business. Because of this the whole quality to the service is being affected and also the time is being wasted. It was not a big problem before, but as it is a sole coffee shop in these remote areas the locals are buzzing in more and more and the layout that causing a huge disruption to the overall service quality and time is reflecting brightly. This is also affecting the outside tables and chars where the chairs are cushioned and needs to be removed during rain and that is quiet common work for the workers in there to remove them. Even when its busy and people are queuing up. The cushions are not needed nowadays as the business has already made a booming profit despite of the problems. But if the outside sitting arrangement is done in more practical way, then the whole business will be more efficient when it comes to provide a service. The staffs work in the cafe without any proper job description apart from the managers. So they are sometimes clueless on what their duty is. Specially recently some old workers left so the new people have not been trained on basis of what they should do on the busy period. This is due to the training problem and also the workers gets only 10% off the food price and they can’t effort to buy it always as it is a bit costly and also there are not many shops around the place they opened each of the branches, so if the workers do not bring their own food, thy have to pay a lot of money compared to their wages. (Apart from the Manager as he gets commission for the rise of the sales) Conclusion: Innovative Recommendations: Corporations must be able to adapt and evolve if they wish to survive. Businesses operate with the knowledge that their competitors will inevitably come to the market with a product that changes the basis of competition. The ability to change and adapt is essential to survival. Today, the idea of innovation is widely accepted. It has become part of our culture – so much so that it verges on becoming a cliche. For example, in 1994 and 1995, 275 books published in the United States had the word ‘innovation’ in their title. (Trott, Paul 2005) Here the company is doing okay to survive its position in the market because of their location and the monopoly market they are having, but it needs to be bared in the mind that this might not last forever. The planning needs to be done for the future. So to change the business strategy is very important. Here is some innovative recommendation for the business: The Supplier needs to changed to one instead of the 3 different suppliers, it will save time for the people involved to make the orders and also it will save the charges for the insurance and the delivery. The orders needs to be made by internet as there are less likely to have a mistake and it will result saving the time, saving the cost and enhancing the quality. The delivery charges should not be taken from ‘Petty Cash’ it should be invoiced. So more professionalism is required. The service workstation layout needs to be relocated to the places so that the coffee and fridge with the milk will be handy for the person making coffee, the display unit should be by the till, so that the person on the till serving customer, will provide the customer with the cakes and sandwiches right on time. And also the panini grill needs to be places near the till so that the person serving does not forget about the panini. And the coffee Machine should be close or opposite to the till for the Barista (The person who is trained to make coffee) to see the orders straight away without delaying or asking. The dishwasher should be near to the exit of the work station for an efficient loading and unloading for the people who cleans the table and loads the dishwasher. There should be stock counting and internal connections e-procurement system for the benefit of storing the stock accordingly. The outside chairs should remove the cushions for all seasons comfortable sitting without staffs to run out when its busy inside. The Staff should be trained properly to deal with the busy business environment. There should be more discount for the staff as it will help the stuff to work better if they fuelled themselves properly and also to reduce the chance of stolen food products by the staff. This will save the unseen cost for the business. The speakers needs to be relocated so that they are not around the till and does not distract the customers and also the workers during the order taken from the respected customers. Suggestions on Cost analysis: Savings of delivery cost: As there were three different suppliers, Supplier 1: Sandwiches, panini’s and cakes Supplier 2: Milk and beverages Supplier : Cleaning products and snacks and takeaway cups and lids. The delivery cost: Supplier1: ? **.** Supplier2: ?***.** Supplier3: ? ***.** Total: Delivery Cost ?***.** Whereas Only one Supplier Delivery Cost: ?**.** As it is known when you order big amount of things from the supplier, a bulk discount is received. Same way goes for the insurance and other cost. Savings of Insurance Cost: As there were three different suppliers, The delivery cost: Supplier1: ? **.** Supplier2: ?***.** Supplier3: ? ***.** Total: ?***.** Whereas Only one Supplier: ?**.**the saving of insurance will be high as well. Saving on long run: The new layout will enhance the work efficiency and will provide a rich service so the cost here will be an investment for a long term. It can be understood that from a service based organisation like Coffee Corner Plc, the service layout is very important for service efficiency. When supply chain is concerned; its efficiency results time savings as well as profitability. Overall the great Formula needs to be kept in mind at all times to manage the business strategy: they are; Passion: Passion for business. Taste: Taste is important so Quality of food and coffee needs to be emphasised on at all times. Positioning: Location of the business and the service layout for efficient service needs to be considered at all times, when opening a new store. People: Good enthusiastic staff with motivation is necessary for any service oriented business. So the parks and wages needs to be considered accordingly. Marketing: Marketing is key to drive loads of customers in to the store. Systems: System of everything needs to be considered. Such as; staffing system, cleaning rota, opening and closing routines, food production and rotation system, supply-chain systems and cash procedures. Money matters: to budget things and make sure to keep proper accounts of all sorts of costs and profit. Have a good communication system to have all the accounts of the day to day process can be recorded and revived when needed. (Richardson and Gilmartin,2010) Reference: Business directory (2011) Strategic Management http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/strategic-management.html [Access Date: 12-04-2011] Mind tools(2010) Cause and effect Diagram Website: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_03.htm [Access Date: 10-07-2010] Slack et al: 2006, Operations and Process Management: Principles and Practice for strategic impact, 2nd edition, Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/Browse/open.asp?ID=207106loc=v pg. 210-215, 109-115 Trott, Paul: 2005, Innovation Management and New Product Development, Pearson Education UK, Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/Browse/open.asp?ID=60150loc=Cover 10 July 2010 pg. 5-14 Richardson, Gilmartin: 2010, Setting up and Managing Your Own Coffee Bar, How to Books Ltd UK. 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Sex In Society Essays - Human Sexuality, Gender Studies, Behavior

Sex In Society Sex plays a major role in today's society. From television, radio, music, and advertisements, to video games, the Internet, and even art and pictures, all forms of media use sex to help sell their products. With the public being exposed to so many different types, the overuse and exploitation of sex is common. Is sex a useful tool, or a ploy to get the attention of the public? Before discussing sex in the media, one must understand why it has come to be that people use sex as a gimmick. The writing of modern history has resulted in a viewpoint that is nothing short of a stag party. The history of women is ignored, hushed up, and censored in the most literal sense of the term. This method of eliminating the social and political destiny of half of humanity is the most effective form of supremacy. (Janssen-Jurreit, 1982, pp. 15-16) The world we live in today is still man-made, no less now then in the nineteenth century. Eve Zaremba states in Privilege of Sex: Women's self-awareness as females has until very recently reflected the world's (i.e. men's) image of them; how well their personal performance matched male expectations. As English Canadians began to develop an identity in 19th century society, they mirrored the ideals for women of the Victorian period: gentility, weakness, ignorance and submissiveness. (Zaremba, 1974, p. i ) These individual roles, as described by Oneill and Leone in Male/Female Roles: Opposing Viewpoints as the relationship of a man or woman to society on the basis of gender, became essential in shaping male and female attitudes towards one another. Over the past twenty years remarkable changes in these traditional male and female roles have been witnessed. The subsequent impact on men, women, and families due to these changes is believed to be, by many social historians, caused by the re-emergence of the women's movement. (p.13) Though a positive alteration of roles has occurred, how is it that children of this century still may obey stereotypes? A baby is born knowing nothing, but full of potential. (p.19) Oneill and Leone believe that the process by which an individual becomes a creature of society, a socialized human being, reflects culturally defined roles and norms. The first crucial question asked by the parents of a newborn baby is What is it? A boy or a girl? (p.25) Other queries about attributes of health and physical conditions are only brought up afterwards, the first priority is to establish its sex. Indeed, almost immediately, gender identity is permanently stamped on the child by the name it is given. (p.26) Recent research has established beyond a doubt that males and females are born with a different set of instructions built into their genetic code. Studies at Harvard University and elsewhere show that marked differences between male and female baby behaviour are already obvious in the first months of life. Females are more oriented towards people. Male infants, on the other hand, are more interested in thing s. Stanford psychologists Karl Pribram and Dianne McGuinness conclude that women are communicative animals while men are manipulative animals. Some people believe this is hereditary, while others think that if boys and girls were brought up in exactly the same way then all behavioral differences between men and women would evaporate. (p.26) Beginning in early adolescence, children develop their own ideas of male and female roles with the perception of the conduct and activities of his or her parents and other adults in their world, including characters on television. Young people are exposed to advertising from a very early age. The effect, says the Ontario Ministry of Education, especially of advertising on television, has a significant bearing on girls' and boys' behaviour, and their aspirations. To most children the commercial message is another piece of information received from the television set. It is often difficult for them to distinguish truth from fiction, particularly when the fiction is packaged in compelling words, striking images, and catchy music. (Ontario Ministry of Education, 1975, pp. 5-7) An overwhelming amount of the visualizations that young kids see are the stereotypical images of women and girls. This almost makes it seem legitimized, states Hon. David Macdonald,

Diplomatic and military fronts 1948 Arab

Diplomatic and military fronts 1948 Arab The ongoing attention that is accorded to the war that took place in 1948 did not originate from the distinctive facets as a campaign that was based on the military might of the concerned nations. In fact, the more pronounced historical effects of the war are what roused inquisitiveness of the public, as well as interest from academics.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Diplomatic and military fronts: 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several effects of the war such as the emergence of Israel, and its unrelenting existence as a leader in fronting civilization from the west in the region. The war that started in 1948 is still ongoing although there have been spirited campaigns to end the war. There are several consequences that emerged, such as the refugee problem, which has seen Palestinians become refugees in their own land. The end of the Second World War saw most countries in the region attain some level of independence from colonial mandatory rule. Britain played a significant role in influencing most of the treaties that were signed in the region among the countries. The war had started in 1947 and ended on 14 May 1948. The cause of the ceasefire is attributed to the approval by the Jewish People’s Council of the proclamation that affirmed the forming of a state on the Jewish side in Eretz. This state was to be known as Israel. How did the Zionists try to garner political support in the aftermath of World War 2 and the Holocaust in their dealings with the Superpowers, United Nations, and UNSCOP? Zionists tried to garner support in the political aspects of their cause through various actions such as pushing through a delay on the treaty for partitioning of their land. They used the period that was allotted due to the delay due to the lack of support for the recommendation to put pressure on a large number of nations. They campaigned for these na tions to vote for the recommendation at the UN General Assembly. They used their position as the victim in the holocaust to influence several nations to consent to the recommendations. The Zionists used any means necessary, and any method that they had to in order to get their way (Shlomo 267).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They addressed certain delegations from different regions informing them that they would manipulate the donors so that the much-needed aid that they received would be blocked from reaching them. The evolution of the Haganah, including its role in the great Arab revolt and world war two The Haganah may be referred to as the Hebrew defense organization. The organization dates back to the 1920s when activists formed some sort of defense commissions in the regions of Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv. The fall of Ti Hai saw the rise of the Jerusalem commission. In the course of the Passover riots (Nebi Samuel), the Haganah played a crucial role in defending the region. This was against the Arab invaders. The Achdut Ha’avoda party, in a convention, formally recognized Haganah. This party consisted of a couple of groups namely the Federation of Agricultural Workers, and the Poalei Ziyon. The main team in the group consisted of members from the Jewish Legion as well as the Zion Mule Corps. There were also members from the Hashomer guards group, which was in place to take care of the interests of the Jewish settlers in their abodes. Tensions rose among different groups who were disgruntled with the security arrangements. The Haganah was considered illegal at the time. They had no source to arm themselves and they were considered ineffective. The group was placed under the Histadruth Labor Federation to try to prop it up, but the riots that took place in 1921 rendered it ineffectual. The Zionists elite wanted to legalize the organization following this debacle. It would be under the British army. The soldiers of the brigade felt as though they would be weakened further. It was then deprived of finances. The group lost the Hashomer people, which was a move that saw them, weaken even further than before. In 1929, the Haganah became a force to reckon with. They were more effective in the riots that took place in Jerusalem, Haifa, as well as Tel Aviv. The political leaders backed the group making it a nationwide organization.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Diplomatic and military fronts: 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arms were shipped in from Europe, and most of the soldiers were in their youth. The young adults took charge of operations that were carried out by the group. They formed underground factories for the manufacture of light arms. In the period of 1936 to 1939, the group started training it mem bers in the use of commando tactics. This was under Charles Wingate. The main reason for forming this group was to protect the TAP or Haifa oil pipeline. The group was also trained in attacking, rather that defending, as was the norm in its operations. The British coordinated its operations with the group although it was officially banned. The cooperation was in the course of the World War 2, as well as the Arab riots. The British managed to subdue the Arab revolt with the use of maximum force. They eventually turned on the Haganah forcing its members to go into hiding. During World War 2, the Haganah sunk the Patria, which was a ship that was ferrying 1,800 Jews who were being taken to Mauritius by the British (Shlomo 267). Their intention was to cripple the ship, but unfortunately, it sunk killing 260 people who were aboard. When the Second World War started, Haganah offered the British help. Both parties did not dispute this since the British had the fear of an Axis infiltration in the northern part of Africa. Following the defeat of Rommel at El Alamein in the year 1942, the support that was accorded to Haganah by the British authorities was withdrawn. The formation of the Jewish Brigade Group in 1943 followed a series of requests and conciliations. This was the first fully-fledged Jewish group to serve in the British army as an independent unit. The only way that Jews had served in the British army in the past was as soldiers who had signed up to serve. The brigade consisted of over 4,500 soldiers, and it was sent to Italy to fight in September of the year 1944 (Fraser 198). It was called off in 1946. The total number of Palestinian Jews who ended up serving in the war on the British army side was in the range of 30,000 (Fraser 198).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Haganah created a powerful unit in May 1941. The Palestinians formed this crack commando unit in anticipation of the withdrawal of the British army and subsequent invasion of the Axis. The unit trained its young members, and they acquired special skills in sabotage as well as guerilla tactics. What preparations were made by the Haganah prior to the outbreak of the 1948 conflict for seizure of territory and the expulsion of Arab Palestinians? One of the senior members of the Zionist realized that a full-scale war with the Palestinian Arabs could not be avoided. David Ben-Gurion went on a money-raising quest, in a bid to ensure that Haganah was supplied with more arms for their cause. Te money was also supposed to be used to purchase two airplanes. Although most of the Palestinian Jews had served in the British army in the Second World War, majority of them had not come face to face with mortal combat. They hardly had any experience in warfare. They formed the core of the army tha t was being rounded up. Several other groups joined up with them such as the Red Army and the French Foreign Legion. There were also volunteers from the northern parts of America including Canada and the United States of America. Following the decision to partition the region by the UN General Assembly, volunteers flocked the region in search of an opportunity to serve in the Haganah army. The total amount of money that was raised was in the region of $130 million (Laqueur 317). The IDF was typified by a custom that was the main strength of the group. The group made up for what they lacked such as arms and money, with their audacious antics, as well as their resourcefulness. The group was informal due to their status as an underground movement. The group was close knit with most of the members being familiar with each other. They lived together as neighbors and brothers. Their military intelligence system became highly enhanced due to their need to adapt to their limited resources. Their hierarchy was more or less informal. The commando tactics and night training augured well for them since their resources were limited. Their entire operation was based on their need to survive, and they managed to take full advantage of all head starts that they had. They managed to absorb most of the people whom they saved from the Nazi-occupied regions in the European states that had been overrun by the Germans. How successful were they in implementing their strategies and policies, and how did this affect Israel’s stance on a two-state solution, the return of refugees and the status of Jerusalem once the hostilities ended? Most of the later year leaders of Israel were former members of the Haganah group and they were sympathetic to the cause of the group. Although the policies could not be fully implemented, the group received sympathy in the form of the Israel Defense Forces, which took over their role but absorbed most of the members. The Haganah liberated interned refugees from camps such as Atlit detainee camp. The group continued to help with illegal immigration. They also continued with anti-British campaigns aimed at sabotaging the British operations in the region. Israel acquired recognition as a state, and the leader David Ben-Gurion came up with some crucial decisions that raised plenty of controversy among stakeholders in the region. The issue of militias was outlawed, and all groups were banned including the Haganah. There was a major uproar, and it brought about the generals revolt. Fraser, Tom. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Studies in Contemporary History, Basingstoke, England: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008. Print. Laqueur, Walter. The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East  Conflict, New York, NY: Citadel Press, 1969. Print. Shlomo, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the  1948 War of Independence to the Present, Adelaide, South Australia: Greenhill, 2004. Print.

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, lord of the Inca Empire, was attacked and captured by Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Once he was captured, the Spanish forced him to pay a mind-boggling ransom amounting to tons of gold and silver. Although Atahualpa produced the ransom, the Spanish executed him anyway. Atahualpa and the Inca Empire in 1532: Atahualpa was the reigning Inca (a word similar in meaning to King or Emperor) of the Inca Empire, which stretched from present-day Colombia into parts of Chile. Atahualpas father, Huayna Capac, had died sometime around 1527: his heir apparent died around the same time, throwing the Empire into chaos. Two of Huayna Capacs many sons began to fight over the Empire: Atahualpa had the support of Quito and the northern part of the Empire and Huscar had the support of Cuzco and the southern part of the Empire. More importantly, Atahualpa had the allegiance of three great generals: Chulcuchima, Rumià ±ahui and Quisquis. In early 1532 Huscar was defeated and captured and Atahualpa was lord of the Andes. Pizarro and the Spanish: Francisco Pizarro was a seasoned soldier and conquistador who had played a large role in the conquest and exploration of Panama. He was already a wealthy man in the New World, but he believed that there was a rich native kingdom somewhere in South America just waiting to be plundered. He organized three expeditions along the Pacific coast of South America between 1525 and 1530. On his second expedition, he met with representatives of the Inca Empire. On the third journey, he followed tales of great wealth inland, eventually making his way to the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. He had about 160 men with him, as well as horses, arms and four small cannons. The Meeting in Cajamarca: Atahualpa happened to be in Cajamarca, where he was waiting for the captive Huscar to be brought to him. He heard rumors of this strange group of 160 foreigners making their way inland (looting and pillaging as they went) but he certainly felt secure, as he was surrounded by several thousand veteran warriors. When the Spanish arrived in Cajamarca on November 15, 1532, Atahualpa agreed to meet with them the next day. Meanwhile, the Spanish had seen for themselves the riches of the Inca Empire and with a desperation born of greed, they decided to try and capture the Emperor. The same strategy had worked for Hernn Cortà ©s some years before in Mexico. The Battle of Cajamarca: Pizarro had occupied a town square in Cajamarca. He placed his cannons on a rooftop and hid his horsemen and footsoldiers in buildings around the square. Atahualpa made them wait on the sixteenth, taking his time to arrive for the royal audience. He eventually showed up in the late afternoon, carried on a litter and surrounded by many important Inca noblemen. When Atahualpa showed up, Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde out to meet with him. Valverde spoke to the Inca through an interpreter and showed him a breviary. After leafing through it, Atahualpa disdainfully threw the book on the ground. Valverde, supposedly angry at this sacrilege, called on the Spanish to attack. Instantly the square was packed with horsemen and footmen, slaughtering natives and fighting their way to the royal litter. The Massacre at Cajamarca: The Inca soldiers and noblemen were taken completely by surprise. The Spanish had several military advantages which were unknown in the Andes. The natives had never seen horses before and were unprepared to resist mounted foes. The Spanish armor made them nearly invulnerable to native weapons and steel swords hacked easily through native armor. The cannon and muskets, fired from the rooftops, rained thunder and death down into the square. The Spanish fought for two hours, massacring thousands of natives, including many important members of the Inca nobility. Horsemen rode down fleeing natives in the fields around Cajamarca. No Spaniard was killed in the attack and Emperor Atahualpa was captured. Atahualpas Ransom: Once the captive Atahualpa was made to understand his situation, he agreed to a ransom in exchange for his freedom. He offered to fill a large room once with gold and twice over with silver and the Spanish quickly agreed. Soon great treasures were being brought from all over the Empire, and greedy Spaniards broke them into pieces so that the room would fill more slowly. On July 26, 1533, however, the Spanish became frightened at rumors that Inca General Rumià ±ahui was in the vicinity and they executed Atahualpa, supposedly for treason in stirring up rebellion against the Spaniards. Atahualpa’s ransom was a great fortune: it added up to some 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that much silver. Sadly, much of the treasure was in the form of priceless works of art which were melted down. Aftermath of the Capture of Atahualpa: The Spanish caught a lucky break when they captured Atahualpa. First of all, he was in Cajamarca, which is relatively close to the coast: had he been in Cuzco or Quito the Spanish would have had a harder time getting there and the Inca may have struck first at these insolent invaders. The natives of the Inca Empire believed that their royal family was semi-divine and they would not lift a hand against the Spanish while Atahualpa was their prisoner. The several months that they held Atahualpa allowed the Spanish to send for reinforcements and come to understand the complex politics of the empire. Once Atahualpa was killed, the Spanish swiftly crowned a puppet Emperor in his place, allowing them to maintain their hold on power. They also marched first on Cuzco and then on Quito, eventually securing the empire. By the time one of their puppet rulers, Manco Inca (Atahualpas brother) realized that the Spanish had come as conquerors and started a rebellion it was too late. There were some repercussions on the Spanish side. After the conquest of Peru was complete, some Spanish reformers - most notably Bartolomà © de las Casas - began asking disturbing questions about the attack. After all, it was an unprovoked attack on a legitimate monarch and resulted in the massacre of thousands of innocents. The Spanish eventually rationalized the attack on the grounds that Atahualpa was younger than his brother Huscar, which made him a usurper. It should be noted, however, that the Inca did not necessarily believe that the eldest brother should succeed his father in such matters. As for the natives, the capture of Atahualpa was the first step in the near-total destruction of their homes and culture. With Atahualpa neutralized (and Huscar murdered on his brothers orders) there was no one to rally resistance to the unwanted invaders. Once Atahualpa was gone, the Spanish were able to play off traditional rivalries and bitterness to keep the natives from uniting against them.

Permaculture Design Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Permaculture Design Course - Essay Example The location is in a dense urban environment with significant traffic and air pollution. There is little greenery in the area, a few trees on the sidewalk and street areas or found around the parking lots and yards in the area behind the buildings. The rooftop area of the house is flat, cement, and currently unused. This proposal advocates for the creation of a sprout production facility, wheat grass juice production center, manna bakery, and garden of salad greens, medicinal herbs, vegetables, and other biodiversity related or endangered species plants in the rooftop terrace area as an example of Permaculture transformation of the urban environment. This project includes a production facility that is generally considered as supplying the food or a portion of the food for the members of the household who live in it or in this instance as a supplement for fresh salad greens, sprouts, herbs, vegetables, bread, and juices. It is possible for this facility to also be constructed inexpens ively, from recycled or salvaged materials and to include a greenhouse facility on a portion of the rooftop area. The greenhouse will contain three tables that are dedicated to the production of sprouts – alfalfa seed, radish seed, garbanzo bean, and broad bean primarily. These sprouts will be grown in cyclical progressions so that a supply is ready each day for household consumption, or a seven day cycle. In association with the salad sprout production there will also be the production of sprouted wheat for â€Å"manna† bread, wheatgrass juice, and rejuvelac production. Sprouted wheat requires pure water, and this must be changed every day on the wheat berries. Similarly the salad sprouts should be grown with pure water which is changed every day. The greenhouse facilities should keep these facilities relatively protected from air pollution that is dust, particle, or ash. However, the greenhouse takes up only around 33% of the rooftop. The other part of the terrace will be used to set up a salad greens, medicinal herb, and vegetable garden that is created by filling barrels, buc kets, and clay pots with earth for planting. These barrels should be wood and organic if possible, and clay pots should be used in both for wheat berry sprouting and for containing the earth in which the vegetables are grown. This method of compact community farming was developed in Essene communities over 2000 years ago in desert type of conditions, but allowed for concentrated agricultural production co-mingled with residence. The barrels can be preferably of wood and the type that is used for wine. The earth can be transported in to the facility from a rural location using one or two pick-up trips only. The earth can be shoveled into nylon grain sacks that are easily available for carrying up the stairs to the roof area. The larger barrels can be used for mixed plantings, such as tomatoes in associations with greens or corn and beans. The smaller clay pots can be used for lettuces, basil, salad greens, and medicinal herbs and the lettuces can also be planted in cycles to be ready on a regular basis for daily harvesting and use in the house. By growing these fresh vegetables, sprouts, wheat grass juice, and manna bread, the household implements permaculture ideas into the urban environment in a manner that is at once self-sufficient, environmentally improving, and transformative to the community and individuals who participate in it. The health effects of the fresh vegetable, sprouts, and sprouted bread diet can also be considered beneficial, though the plants should be misted as well as watered on a regular basis

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summary - Article Example This helps in demonstrating the speciousness of gun control policy in the reduction of the deaths resulting from homicides. While bearing in mind that the public is reluctant to give up their guns, Zimring proposes that stigmatizing guns is the only sure way of reducing the rate of possession of guns among the population. He suggests that this should entail the inclusion of the practice in the legislation. He associates the high rates of deaths resulting from homicides in America as related to the rampant use of guns for assaults. The article alludes that what matters in the successful application of the gun control policy is the consideration of who owns the guns, how these guns are used and the impact of the policy in relation to its implementation. Zimring’s makes reference on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) statistics that indicates that guns are used in the 70% of the reported criminal killings. Additionally, other proponents of gun control policy such as Philli p Cook opine that the criminals determine the type of weapon they use. However, they discount the contribution of perpetrator factors in the enhancement of lethality in favor of the instrumentality effect. Fatality is viewed as an almost accidental outcome of a large number of assaults resulting from guns and knives. Zimring claims that in many cases, the perpetrator is also a victim of circumstance as well as the person he kills; just luckier because the gun was pointed in a different direction. It is obvious that some of the deaths that occur due to gun assaults cannot occur if less lethal weapons are used. The article stipulates that the perpetrators of assault are normally aware of their prior plans of inflicting lethal injuries on their victim. The author makes reference to the Behavior modification theory that suggests that the criminals transfer their intimidation levels to the guns they are carrying. The article disputes the idea that gun handlers are innocent people who pos sess the gun and respond whenever they are provoked. This is because most of these killers posses below-average cognitive ability, mental retardation, brain dysfunction or alcoholism (Stell 42). Professor Zimring opposes the use of gun in self defense, arguing that people who offer resistance when attacked are at a higher risk of getting hurt than those who submit. Additionally, his experiments proved that those who resisted attacks through the use of guns performed better than those than those that did not resist (Stell 44). This implies that legalizing the use of firearms for any reason enhances violence. The article recommends that the ethical complications occur when the proponents of gun control practices subscribe to certain practices that enhance violence. Such practices include the failure to recognize the right of the states for self defense, failure to provide minimal protection to the citizens, and the police department possesses the rights to prosecute and charge those p ossessing firearms for self preservation. ARTICLE 2 Congressional Digest. White House Plan to Reduce Gun Violence: Administration Proposals to Strengthen Firearm Laws and Protect Citizens. March 2013. Print. According to the article, tragic mass shootings have been witnessed in America despite the fact that most firearm holders are perceived to be